The latest news from our planet is threatening: climate change, pollution, forest loss, species extinctions. All these words are frightening and there is no sign of improvement. Simple logic leads to the conclusion that humanity has to react, for its own survival. But at the scale of a human being, it is less obvious. Organizing one’s daily life in order to preserve the environment implies self-questioning, changing habits, sacrificing some comfort. In one word, it is an effort. Then, what justifies (...) such an effort? The personal choice to act in order to preserve our environment is often made by simple altruism. This choice is based on our love for other human beings: our love for the others grounds our effort. Our moral values, our ethical reflections and our religious beliefs are the deep core of these choices. “This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you.” (John 15.12 NRSV). This Charter shows the moral and religious values that can help us react regarding the current environmental crisis and it should empower us to transcend the ideas of effort and sacrifice in order to consider the respect of the shared house, in a prophetic fulfillment of the being. (shrink)

In questo lavoro si esplora la possibilità che l’inserzione dello sfruttamento umano all’interno del processo lavorativo e la conseguente apparizione sociale dell’uomo-merce abbiano lasciato tracce nell’opera di Dante. Si rintracciano così in una selezione di passi i problemi che questo processo impone alla nascente concezione dell’identità individuale e all’assunzione in una cornice ideologica ancora sacralizzata della distinzione fra ambito pubblico e ambito privato, che caratterizzerà il capitalismo fino a poche decadi fa.

Frege’s account, according to which the problem of how thoughts are apprehended should be a part of psychology, has led scholars to the idea that every consideration regarding subjectivity is absent in this author. From the latter follows a certain way of conceiving the relation between Frege and Husserl which establishes an absolute chasm between both authors regarding the topic mentioned. In the present contribution an extremely different view is defended, namely, that Frege plays an intermediate role between 19th century (...) Platonism and husserlian phenomenology. The main focus of the argument is the commitment between naturalism and idealism which characterizes Platonism before Frege and the beginning of its overcoming carried out by him. (shrink)

These two volumes consist of a critical edition and English translation of the two earliest known Armenian sets of scholia on the Heavenly Hierarchy of Dionysius the Areopagite. Composed in the monastic schools of Erznka in the late thirteenth century, these scholia provide significant insight into how the Heavenly Hierarchy in particular, and Armenian translations of Greek texts in general, were understood by Armenian scholars in the Middle Ages. This editio princeps of the scholia represents a rare critical edition of (...) a native Armenian composition from the medieval period. In addition to the text and translation, these volumes include a textual commentary as well as a critical collation and English translation of a number of scholia from the Armenian version of the Greek scholia on the Heavenly Hierarchy. (shrink)

These two volumes consist of a critical edition and English translation of the two earliest known Armenian sets of scholia on the Heavenly Hierarchy of Dionysius the Areopagite. Composed in the monastic schools of Erznka in the late thirteenth century, these scholia provide significant insight into how the Heavenly Hierarchy in particular, and Armenian translations of Greek texts in general, were understood by Armenian scholars in the Middle Ages. This editio princeps of the scholia represents a rare critical edition of (...) a native Armenian composition from the medieval period. In addition to the text and translation, these volumes include a textual commentary as well as a critical collation and English translation of a number of scholia from the Armenian version of the Greek scholia on the Heavenly Hierarchy. (shrink)

While the normative debate on European integration has addressed the importance of the construction of truly democratic institutions as well as the establishment of social rights at EU level, the role of progressive social movements has not been much debated. Building upon theorization and research in social movement studies, I argue that progressive social movements are indeed already contributing to the construction of European public spheres. Not one liberal (or bourgeois), public sphere but the proliferation of subaltern counterpublics could allow (...) for the participation of the excluded, giving them the possibility to make their political voice heard. Through different paths of Europeanization (in particular, domestication, externalization and transnationalization), progressive social movements have played an important role in the creation of a critical public sphere as, by contesting European institutions, they have contributed to make them (more) accountable, but have also developed collective identities at EU level and, with them, European public spheres. A main challenge is now to connect an emancipatory critical public to public institutions. (shrink)

Existe una evolución en la crítica fregueana al psicologismo, siendo de particular relevancia las diferencias que existen entre la posición de 1884 y la de 1893, momento a partir del cual la misma comienza a fundarse en una revisión de la teoría psicologista de la subjetividad.

Can deconstruction be accomplished not through the close reading of just one discourse, but through its combination with another? This paper aims at exploring this second way of performing deconstruction through a particular case study: Marxism and psychoanalysis. In the body of the essay, the history of Freudo-Marxism is divided into two parts, depending on which psychoanalyst stands as point of reference: Freud or Lacan. We proceed by studying the four main strategies by virtue of which a genuine combination between (...) Marxism and psychoanalysis has been historically attempted: separation (Reich), domination (Marcuse), contradiction (Althusser) and, finally, deconstruction (Laclau). (shrink)

Sobre la base de la relación con los conceptos de existencia y realidad, el artículo analiza la teoría de los contenidosde- juicio de Anton Marty en tanto irrealia y truth-makers. Partiendo de su debate con el ‘psicologismo’ y el ‘a-psicologismo’, mostramos la originalidad y la tensión de su posición, que intenta de articular el contenido- de-juicio con la inmanencia del acto intencional y la trascendencia de la objetividad, a partir de los conceptos de co-percepción e intencionalidad.

Este ensayo intenta persuadir a su lector a adoptar una manera específica de acercarse a la filosofía de Wittgenstein y superar, así, la tradicional bisegmentación de la misma. La propuesta consiste en releer la obra wittgensteineana desde los textos provenientes de los años 1929 a 1933/35 como centro de atención y punto de partida, a fin de poder visualizar la continuidad orgánica del pensamiento en cuestión. Se muestra que sólo el mensaje epistemológico de aquellos “textos transitorios” revela la paulatina modificación (...) de la idea de contextualidad en tanto que única vía hacia la perspicuidad epistémico-conceptual, meta declarada del propio Wittgenstein.Palabras llave: Perspicuidad; contextualidad; epistemología wittgensteineana; continuidad de la filosofía wittgensteineana.This essay seeks to persuade its reader to adopt a specific manner of approaching Wittgensteinian philosophy, overcoming in this way the bi-segmentation traditionally applied to it. What is suggested is a re-reading of Wittgenstein’s work, focussing on, and taking as a starting point, the texts which date from the period 1929-1933/35, in order to visualize the organic continuity of the thought in question. It is shown that only the epistemological message of those “transitional texts” reveals the gradual modification of the idea of contextuality, this being the sole approach towards epistemic-conceptual perspicuity, the professed goal of Wittgenstein himself.Palabras llave: Perspicuity; contextuality; Wittgensteinian epistemology; continuity of Wittgensteinian philosophy. (shrink)

Este ensayo se enfrenta a la conocida tendencia del siglo XX de declarar la “muerte de la epistemología”. A tal fin se presenta una relectura de los textos wittgensteineanos de principios de los años 30, evidenciando la epistemología paraláctica que éstos encaminan. Posibles objeciones se contestan mediante un diálogo ficticio con un imaginario epistemólogo tradicional. Se concluye que la lección de Wittgenstein consiste en hacernos experimentar tanto la fragilidad de nuestras certezas y saberes como su riqueza, dentro de un espacio (...) vital constituido simultáneamente por la experiencia humana y el mundo .Palabras clave: “Muerte de la epistemología”, epistemología paraláctica, certezas y saberes, espacio vital, Wittgenstein.This essay confronts the well-known 20th century tendency of declaring the “death of epistemology.” A summarized re-reading of Wittgenstein’s texts from the early 1930s is presented, illustrating the parallactic epistemology to which those texts point. Possible objections are answered by means of a fictitious dialogue with an imaginary traditional epistemologist. The conclusion is that Wittgenstein’s lesson consists of making us experience the fragility as well as the richness of our certainties and knowledge within a vital space simultaneously constituted by human experience and the world .Key words: “Death of epistemology,” parallactic epistemology, certainties and knowledge, vital space, Wittgenstein. (shrink)

Este trabajo trata de ilustrar el paralelismo existente –no obstante ciertas diferencias de enfoque y de conceptualización– entre el pensamiento wittgensteineano de principios de los años 30 y la teoría del conocimiento de C.I. Lewis. El punto de comparación es la noción de experiencia en tanto que trato epistémico con los objetos. Según la lectura sugerida, nuestra vida epistémica se desarrolla –bajo el denominador común de nuestra conciencia de pertinencias conceptuales– como un dinámico juego entre certezas (vitales) y tentativas de (...) conocimiento (racional). Ciertamente, habría que añadir que, debido a su dependencia contextual, estos factores se caracterizan tanto por su provisionalidad como por su naturaleza intercambiable. (shrink)

Twentieth-century philosophy split into two traditions that often, at least as a matter of fact, regard each other as incommensurable. The last twenty years pointed to the reversal of this trend. This article can be seen as a contribution to that tendency, in so far as, in it, a new approach to the contemporary reflexion as a whole is proposed: logical analysis and phenomenology- hermeneutics are different sides of one and the same turn in the history of philosophy. Such reading (...) not only recovers philosophy's lost unity, but also throws light on its continuity with history of philosophy.La filosofía del siglo XX se ha escindido en dos tradiciones que, a menudo y, las mas de las veces puramente de fato, se consideran inconmensurables. Los últimos veinte años parecen anunciar la reversión de esta tendencia. El presente trabajo efectúa un aporte en tal dirección, en la medida en que propone un nuevo modo de considerar la reflexión contemporánea en su conjunto: análisis lógico y fenomenología-hermenéutica son aspectos de un único y mismo giro en la historia de la filosofía. De este modo, no solo se rescata la unidad del pensamiento contemporáneo, sino que se ilumina su continuidad con la historia de la filosofía. (shrink)

Central sensitization refers to the increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system after repeated or sustained peripheral nociceptor activation. It is hypothesized to play a key role in the development of chronic pain. A hallmark of central sensitization is an increased sensitivity to noxious mechanical stimuli extending beyond the injured location, known as secondary hyperalgesia. For its ability to modulate the transmission and the processing of nociceptive inputs, attention could constitute a promising target to prevent central sensitization (...) and the development of chronic pain. It was recently shown that the experimental induction of central sensitization at both forearms of healthy volunteers using bilateral high-frequency electrocutaneous stimulation (HFS), can be modulated by encouraging participants to selectively focus their attention to one arm, to the detriment of the other arm, resulting in a greater secondary hyperalgesia on the attended arm as compared to the unattended one. Given the potential value of the question being addressed, we conducted a preregistered replication study in a well-powered independent sample to assess the robustness of the effect, i.e., the modulatory role of spatial attention on the induction of central sensitization. This hypothesis was tested using a double-blind, within-subject design. Sixty-seven healthy volunteers performed a task that required focusing attention toward one forearm to discriminate innocuous vibrotactile stimuli while HFS was applied on both forearms simultaneously. Our results showed a significant increase in mechanical sensitivity directly and 20 min after HFS. However, in contrast to the previous study, we did not find a significant difference in the development of secondary hyperalgesia between the attended vs. unattended arms. Our results question whether spatial selective attention affects the development of secondary hyperalgesia. Alternatively, the non-replication could be because the bottom-up capture of attention caused by the HFS-mediated sensation was too strong in comparison to the top-down modulation exerted by the attentional task. In other words, the task was not engaging enough and the HFS pulses, including those on the unattended arm, were too salient to allow a selective focus on one arm and modulate nociceptive processing. (shrink)

Partiendo de dos complejos nocionales pertenecientes a la filosofía de Ludwig Wittgenstein -el de espacio lógico y el de ver aspectos-, se muestra que en ambos acercamientos se insinúa la disponibilidad de certezas cimentadoras del diálogo humano con el entorno, que la visión de aspectos se subordina a los espacios lógicos involucrados, y que el resultante mecanismo de normas epistémicas vale para toda diversificación -gramatical o cultural- de cosmovisiones. De este modo se re- vela un conjunto de factores epistémico-conceptuales los (...) cuales determinan las relaciones tanto intra como interculturales y posibilitan la coexistencia armónica de diferentes visiones del mundo. (shrink)

Para Frege, o erro de base do psicologismo é a sua concepção de sujeito, que se concentra no princípio de que meus únicos objetos são conteúdos imanentes da consciência. Entretanto, essa tese não é meramente falsa, mas também refutável. A refutação da mesma aparece, não obstante, tardiamente em Der Gedanke. É esse o sentido último da crítica do idealismo oferecida neste texto. Ela é um passo necessário e imprescindível para assegurar a possibilidade de que captemos pensamentos, possibilidade com a qual (...) se ocupa boa parte do artigo de 1918. (shrink)

The paper dealt with the control on political corruption in Italy, in particular with the reasons why most of the control mechanisms did not work for a long time, allowingfor the development of"tangentopoli". First of all, we briefly discussed the reasons why the controls ''from below"--that is, from citizens or electors--did not function in Italy: the pervasive occupation of the administration and the civil society by the political parties, as well as "secret" agreements between political parties in order to avoid (...) political scandals were discussed.The paper continued by analyzing two types of institutional control: the administrative controls and the judiciary controls. In the second part, we presented some main characteristics of the Italian public administration that hampered internal controls, the informal control of parties over the bureaucrats through clientelism and complicity in corruption being one among them. In the third part, we focused on the peculiar characteristics of a magistracy that enjoyed of a very high degree of format autonomy from the political power, but was "pushed" towards politics for reasons as different as complicity in corruption and the need to "substitute" for the weak policy making capacity of political parties. In the fourth part, we reviewed some reform bills to deal with the control of political corruption. (shrink)

Children’s sociocultural experiences in their day-to-day lives markedly play a key role in learning about the world. This study investigated parent–child teaching during early childhood as it naturally occurs in the home setting. Thirty-nine families’ naturalistic interactions in the home setting were observed; 1033 teaching sequences were identified based on detailed transcriptions of verbal and non-verbal behavior. Within these sequences, three domains of learning (knowledge, skills, and dispositions) and subtopics were identified and analyzed in relation to gender, child birth order, (...) context, teaching strategies, and learner response. Findings show knowledge, skills, and dispositions were taught equally, marked by the most prominent subtopics taught within each domain, including cognitive (skill), game rule (knowledge), and social rule (disposition). Further, mothers and fathers were found to teach their children equally, however, fathers taught knowledge more than mothers, whereas mothers taught dispositions more than fathers. Differences between domains of learning and subtopics also existed between mother’s and father’s teaching based on child birth order and gender. This study also assessed the contrast between teaching knowledge, skills, and dispositions by context, parent teaching strategies, and child learner response. Results support the notion that family interactions in the home setting set a stage for children’s rich informal learning experiences. Vygotskian sociocultural conceptions underpin this research and findings are discussed using this central theoretical lens. (shrink)

Este trabajo trata de probar la incompatibilidad entre el principio de verificación neopositivista, y las ideas de Wittgenstein acerca del método de verificación como criterio de significatividad. Se muestra que el concepto wittgensteineano de verificación apunta a un saber moverse en un espacio lógico que, en virtud de su multiplicidad, resulta ser pertinente para una proposición dentro de un contexto determinado. Así, un "método de verificación" es -para Wittgenstein- una manera de localizar un camino para ver conexiones pertinentes, y no (...) una estrategia deductiva que se supone garantice, en su último paso, un contacto decisivo con la realidad.Palabras llave: Verificación; método; espacio lógico; multiplicidad; Wittgenstein; Neopositivismo.This essay attempts to prove the incompatibility between the neopositivist verification principle and Wittgenstein’s ideas concerning the method of verification as a criterion of significance. It is shown that the Wittgensteinian concept of verification points to an ability to move in a logical space which, by virtue of its multiplicity, turns out to be pertinent for a proposition within a certain context. Thus, a "method of verification" is -according to Wittgenstein- a way of locating a path to see pertinent connections, and not a deductive strategy which is supposed to guarantee, in its last phase, a decisive contact with reality.Palabras llave: Verification; method; logical space; multiplicity; Wittgenstein; Neopositivism. (shrink)

Las "investigaciones gramaticales" de Wittgenstein presentan un muy peculiar aporte a la discusión acerca de la vivencia y la conceptualización del tiempo. Partiendo de una diferenciación entre las manifestaciones conceptuales de dos maneras esencialmente distintas de registrar la realidad empírica (el lenguaje de la "experiencia inmediata" y el lenguaje "físico"), las concernientes consideraciones wittgensteineanas desembocan en la idea de que también disponemos de dos vías de registro temporal y, en consecuencia, de dos modos de relacionar tiempo y memoria. El presente (...) artículo trata de aclarar esta curiosa concepción, la cual apunta a un desdoblamiento de la temporalidad en lo que Wittgenstein llama "tiempo-memoria" y "tiempo-información", conectados gracias a una doble dimensionalidad del "instante presente". (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende mirar a Latinoamérica desde la perspectiva de la ontología. Y como hay algo que no acaba de encajar, busca en el inexplorado terreno de la meontología y el no-ser a partir de dos pensadores políticos latinoamericanos recientes, Dussel y Laclau. Por un lado, la Filosofía de la Liberación asocia el centro con la ontología y el ser, así como la periferia con lo Otro y el no-ser. De esto se desprende que, aun y asumiendo el heideggeriano (...) “olvido del ser”, la ontología helenocéntrica se basa en la negación aún más originaria y fundamental de la nada. A continuación, se intenta demostrar cómo esta renegación ha ido de la mano de la exclusión de lo bárbaro, lo popular y lo femenino, principalmente. Tras un breve ex cursus sobre Schmitt en tanto que la forma más acabada de horror vacui dentro de la ontología política europea, el artículo concluye con un análisis pormenorizado de la reconceptualización del vacío en la obra de Laclau, que puede permitir una mejor comprensión del populismo en general, y de su vertiente latinoamericana en particular. (shrink)

La formación doctoral representa en sí misma un itinerario educativo particular y complejo. Su singularidad radica no solo en aspectos institucionales, sistémicos o curriculares de cada programa de formación, sino que éste atraviesa al sujeto desde coordenadas biográficas, temporales y afectivas que solo pueden dimensionarse a través de su propia textualización y narración. Posicionados desde perspectivas pos cualitativas de investigación social, el enfoque biográfico, auto-biográfico y narrativo, emerge como posibilidad para recuperar las experiencias vividas por aquellos docentes universitarios que han (...) atravesado la formación doctoral, resemantizarlas a partir de sus relatos de vida y reinterpretarlas desde nuevos sentidos y significados. En el presente artículo, a partir de los testimonios de docentes universitarios, nos centramos en el valor biográfico de sus narraciones en donde se ponen de manifiesto las tramas cronotópicas que acontecen el devenir de la formación, su carácter formativo, y la compleja amalgama entre vida, profesión y formación evidenciada en el despliegue de sus relatos. Los hallazgos narrativos se configuran en intersticios íntimos desde los cuales construir de un modo alternativo el campo de la investigación educativa, visibilizar el rostro más humano de la formación de posgrado y, producir desplazamientos y debates futuros en torno al objeto de estudio. (shrink)

To determine the place that corresponds to a particular author in the process called “the dispute about psychologism” (“Psychologismusstreit”), it is necessary to go beyond his express statements about the relationship between psychology and logic, and pay attention to his statements regarding subjectivity. In the following lines, this general principle is applied to Herbart, which will make it possible to determine the place he occupies in the dispute and clarify the relationship in which he finds himself with respect to other (...) better-known and paradigmatic authors of said dispute, such as Frege. (shrink)

Hacaracterizadopor filosofia contemporânea a presença de um dualismo entre esquizóide tradição fenomenológica e hermenêutica analítico tradicional. A origem histórica do que pode ser fixado no Congresso Davos, que, aliás, marca o início da negligência de outro programa, a filosofia das formas simbólicas de E. Cassirer e hoje pode ser considerado como uma direção alternativa e possível para a superação do dualismo mencionados. Tal, em breve, a posição defendida por M. Friedman em sua monografia recente, escrito no contexto da convicção de (...) uma crise resultante do esgotamento das tradições e subsequente necessidade de reorientação. O texto oferece um estudo crítico diz Friedman, mostrando onde e como ele pode e deve ser concluída ou, se necessário, corrigidos. (shrink)

A crítica de Frege ao psicologismo evoluiu ao longo do tempo. O ponto principal desta evolução é a passagem da crítica do psicologismo em “Fundamentos da aritmética” àquela das “Leis básicas da aritmética”. O papel determinante nesta passagem se dá a partir da crítica que Frege recebeu de Kerry.

Para Frege, o erro de base do psicologismo é a sua concepção de sujeito, que se concentra no princípio de que meus únicos objetos são conteúdos imanentes da consciência. Entretanto, essa tese não é meramente falsa, mas também refutável. A refutação da mesma aparece, não obstante, tardiamente em Der Gedanke. É esse o sentido último da crítica do idealismo oferecida neste texto. Ela é um passo necessário e imprescindível para assegurar a possibilidade de que captemos pensamentos, possibilidade com a qual (...) se ocupa boa parte do artigo de 1918. (shrink)

Neokantianismo y realismo lógico desenvuelven dos formas de anti-psicologismo diferenciables tanto del punto de vista sistemático como histórico-filosófico. En las siguientes líneas me propongo clarificar el papel jugado por el neokantianismo en el así llamado Psychologismusstreit, intentando poner de manifiesto su peculiaridad.

This book is the first of its kind to provide a comprehensive overview of happiness in Economics. Although it is comparatively unusual to put happiness and economics together, the association appears increasingly exciting and fruitful. A number of studies have been produced following Richard Easterlins and Tibor Scitovskys pioneering works throughout the 1970s. The essays collected in this book provide an authoritative and comprehensive assessment both theoretical, applied and partly experimental of the whole field moving from the so-called paradoxes of (...) happiness in Economics. The book breaks new ground, particularly on the more recent directions of research on happiness, well-being, interpersonal relations and reciprocity. The meaning of happiness is thoroughly explored and the tension between a hedonic-subjective idea of happiness and a eudaimonic-objective one is discussed. This volume opens with Richard Easterlins own assessment of the main issues. Other authors include Robert H. Frank, Robert Sugden, Bruno S. Frey, Alois Stutzer, Richard Layard, Martha C. Nussbaum, Matt Matravers, Bernard M.S, van Praag, Oded Stark, You Q. Wang, Ruut Veenhoven, Charlotte Phelps, Stefano Zamagni, and Luigi Pasinetti. (shrink)

It is well known that Frege separates drastically logic from psychology. Now, if we consider carefully which is the task Frege accords to psychology, we see three things, that is, first that in reality it consists not in one but in several tasks; second that in some cases it is just doubtful whether psychology can handle them and, finally, third that Frege, even if it seems the contrary, has said relevant things with respect to the aforementioned questions. From the latter (...) it follows that Frege’s drastic separation between logic and psychology does not contradict the fact that he has a clear conception of subjectivity which is intentional and not naturalistic. (shrink)

En este libro se explora el diálogo que la teoría feminista ha entablado con Hannah Arendt, una pensadora que se había manifestado explícitamente en contra del movimiento de mujeres de su época y que, en definitiva, no había teorizado la cuestión del género. Tan solo había vertido unas breves reflexiones críticas en una reseña, publicada en el año 1933, de la obra de Alice Rühle Gerstel El problema de la mujer en la actualidad: un balance psicológico, críticas que con posterioridad (...) el feminismo hará suyas. La teoría política arendtiana ha servido de acicate a una gran diversidad de teóricas, suscitando enormes posibilidades desde los más variados paradigmas feministas, hasta el punto de ayudar a enfocar y releer el propio proyecto feminista. Al hilo de la teorización arendtiana se discuten cuestiones como la corporalidad, el problema del sujeto del feminismo, la experiencia y la opresión, la emancipación o la liberación, desplegándose una específica discusión acerca de las estrategias y metas en la movilización feminista. (shrink)

“The rise of analitic Philosophy” reúne artículos de diferentes autores sobre el tema anunciado em su título. De hecho, la obra se revela como uma crítica a la posición tradicional defendida por Dummet, negándose, por ejemplo, um vínculo essencial entre filosofia analítica y linguistic turn. Sin embargo, los trabajos mencionados, em vez de superar la solución dummettiana, permanecen antes de su problema, perdiéndose em consideraciones particulares y siendo incapaces de fijar la unidad de la filosofia analítica desde el punto de (...) vista de la historia de la filosofia. (shrink)

The paper aims to sketch Kant’s response to the mind-body problem in his first work, Thoughts on the true estimation of living forces (1747). This is accomplished by first examining the origins of the problem in Descartes, then exploring the traditional responses to the problem, occasionalism, pre-established harmony, and physical influx. Finally, the paper positions Kant as a proponent of physical influx and highlights the unique features and challenges of his perspective.

In the twenty-first century, decisions to withhold or withdraw life-supporting measures commonly precede death in the neonatal intensive care unit without major ethical controversy. However, caregivers often feel much greater turmoil with regard to stopping medical hydration and nutrition than they do when considering discontinuation of mechanical ventilation or circulatory support. Nevertheless, forgoing medical fluids and food represents a morally acceptable option as part of a carefully developed palliative care plan considering the infant’s prognosis and the burdens of continued treatment. (...) Decisions to stop any form of life support should focus on the clinical circumstances, not the means used to sustain life. (shrink)

A filosofia alemã do século XIX posterior a Hegel está bastante estudada em três direções. A primeira, que surge da luta entre hegelianos de esquerda e direita, acaba por conduzir ao materialismo e ao marxismo; a segunda, que se expressa na vertente irracionalista e anti-sistemática, passa por Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard e Nietzsche; a terceira é constituída pelo neo-kantismo e suas derivações, cuja versão oficial teria suas raízes fincadas pelo famoso discurso inaugural de Zeller e pelo livro de Otto Liebmann, que deram (...) o impulso ao movimento “Zurück zu Kant”. Em tal visão de conjunto, o grande ausente é um movimento contínuo, ainda quando irregular e multifacetado, que terminará conduzindo à filosofia contemporânea. Este movimento tem em Trendelenburg uma figura chave. É com suas “Investigações Lógicas” que se inicia a reformulação das relações entre filosofia e ciência e, neste sentido, o verdadeiro retorno a Kant. O fato de sua obra principal ter exatamente o mesmo nome que a coleção de ensaios temáticos de Frege, a obra de ruptura de Husserl e as dissertações de doutorado de Cohen, Dilthey e Brentano significa algo mais que curiosas coincidências. “Zurück zu Kant” (Adolf Trendelenburg the overcoming of idealism and the roots of contemporary philosophy)Considering history of philosophy as a whole, the two main traditions of thought from the 20th century (analytic and phenomenological-hermeneutic) can be regarded as being variants of one same fundamental turn. This systematic relation is connected to a common historical root. To highlight it implies to review the ideas that are deeply in the basis of the historiography of the German thought in the 19th century. Beyond names, problems and theses that may appear to have at first sight no relationship whatsoever, we can notice a continuous unitary development that has not yet received all the attention it deserves. In this movement, Adolf Trendelenburg stands out, once the beginners of both the abovementioned traditions and of neokantianism (Frege, Brentano, Dilthey and Cohen) received a decisive impulse from his reflections. (shrink)

This book is a companion volume to the Royal Economic Society edition of The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, edited by Piero Sraffa with the collaboration of Maurice Dobb. It completes the record on Ricardian value theory by showing Ricardo's reaction to Malthus's pamphlet The Measure of Value Stated and Illustrated of 1823. Ricardo's Notes are, in Sraffa's words, 'the only considerable item' not appearing in the Royal Economic Society edition of his works. In addition, the recent publication by (...) Cambridge of the variorum edition of Malthus's Principles of Political Economy, edited by J. M. Pullen, makes it possible to understand Malthus's pamphlet as an intermediate step between the 1820 and 1836 editions of the Principles. In his introduction Pier Luigi Porta highlights the place of these Notes in the development of Ricardo's thinking. When taken with Ricardo's paper on 'Absolute Value and Exchangeable Value', these Notes provide the essentials of Ricardian value theory. (shrink)

There is an evolution in the Fregean critique of psycho-logism, and the differences between the 1884 and the 1893 stances, when the revision of a psychologistic theory of subjectivity starts to be founded, are particularly relevant.

ABSTRACT Beneke’s name has been inextricably linked to the concept of psychologism and, by decorum, to the decisive criticism that the Husserlian Prolegomena directed at this movement. In this text we try to offer a more diferentiated vision of his philosophy, considering aspects of his thought that are now forgotten and placing them within the tradition of the psychological method. In this way, perspectives are opened not only for the understanding of the aforementioned tradition, but also for a consideration of (...) psychologism and Psychologismusstreit more appropriate to the historical-philosophical reality and less unilaterally influenced by the authority of Husserl. (shrink)

La crítica al psicologismo juega un papel igualmente esencial en los orígenes de neokantianismo, fenomenología y filosofía analítica. Este trabajo se propone estudiar el desarollo de tal crítica en la filosofía analítica correlacionando el mismo a aquel que se opera en el neokantianismo y en la fenomenología. Bajo tal perspectiva, son revisadas ciertas consideraciones anacrónicas con respecto a autores tales como Frege y Moore.

É bem sabido que a discussão das relações entre conteúdo e objeto é um tema central na escola de Brentano após o decisivo ensaio de Twardowski de 1894. Todavia, pouco sabido é o fato de que esta discussão também tem lugar fora da escola mencionada e que a distinção entre conteúdo e objeto já está presente em outros autores antes de 1894.

It is well known that the discussion concerning the relations between content and object is a central theme in Brentano’s school after the decisive essay by Twardowski in 1894. However, less known is the fact that this discussion also takes place outside the aforementioned school and that the distinction between content and object is already present before 1893 amongst other authors.

En este trabajo nos proponemos comparar las teorías de la subjetividad de Natorp y Brentano. Resultado de esta comparación será evidenciar una absoluta incompatibilidad entre ambas, incompatibilidad que debe ser fijada a partir de sus propios conceptos básicos, a saber, intencionalidad y conciencialidad (Bewusstheit), los cuales, contra lo que podría pensarse, no son ni equivalentes ni paralelos, sino que responden a concepciones irreconciliables, principalmente en el modo en que cada uno de ellos se sitúa con respecto a la noción de (...) conciencia y a la tradición cartesiana moderna. (shrink)

La remisión del problema relativo al como de la captación de pensamientos a la psicología por parte de Frege ha llevado a que se imponga entre los críticos la idea de que toda consideración subjetiva está ausente en este autor. La crítica fregueana al psicologismo, sin embargo, se concentra en una crítica a la concepción psicologista de subjetividad y, correlativamente, implica una concepción de subjetividad novedosa en el contexto de la filosofía alemana de la segunda mitad del s. XIX que, (...) como la husserliana, es no-naturalística e intencional.The assignment to psychology by Frege of the problem concerning how a thought is grasped has made the idea that all subjective considerations are absent from this author's work a dominant one amongst its critics. The fregean critic of psychologism, however, focusses on a critic of the psychologistic conception of the subjectivity and accordingly implies a conception of the subjective that is new in the context of the German philosophy of the second half of the 19th century and that is, like Husserl´s, non- naturalistic and intentional. (shrink)

Resumo: Nesta exposiçáo proponho efetuar uma apresentaçáo dos problemas interpretativos fundamentais e das diferentes leituras que se tem realizado em relaçáo à filosofia das formas simbólicas cassireriana. Palabvas chaves: Cassirer. Filosofia das formas simbólicas. Formas simbólicas.

El tema de la participación de la escuela de Brentano en la polémica en torno al psicologismo no se deja reducir a una simple y única pregunta, ni se puede responder con una simple y única respuesta, pues presenta una marcada diversidad tanto desde el punto de vista sistemático como histórico, componiéndose de diferentes polémicas que tienen un cierto grado de independencia.

Contemporary philosophy has been characterized by the presence of a schizoid dualism between the analytic tradition and the fenomenologic-hermeneutic tradition. Its historical origin can be set in the Davos Congress, which sets off the beginning of the oblivion of another program, the philosophy of symbolic forms, proposed by E. Cassirer, and which nowadays can be considered as an alternative and possible surpassing direction of the above-mentioned dualism. That is, in short, the position sustained by M. Friedman in his recent monograph, (...) written in the context of the conviction of a crisis derived from the depauperation of the traditions and from the subsequent need for a re-orientation. The text offered provides a critical comment of Friedman’s study, showing the point from which it can and must be completed and eventually corrected, and how its completion and correction are to be done.La filosofía contemporánea se hacaracterizadopor la presencia de un dualismo esquizoide entre la tradición analítica e la tradición fenomenológico hermenéutica. El origen histórico del mismo puede ser fijado en el Congreso de Davos, el cual, por otra parte, señala el comienzo del olvido de un otro programa, la filosofía de las formas simbólicas de E. Cassirer e que hoy puede ser considerado como alternativa e posible dirección de superación del dualismo mencionado. Tal es, en síntesis, la posición defendida por M. Friedman en su reciente monografía, escrita en el contexto de la convicción de una crisis derivada del agotamiento de las tradiciones y de la subsecuente necesidad de una reorientación. El texto que ofrecemos comenta críticamente el estudio de Friedman, mostrando donde y cómo él puede y debe ser completado o, eventualmente, corregido. (shrink)

La filosofía analítica ha experimentado mudanzas radicales en las últimas décadas, una de las cuales es su interés por la metafísica. El entusiasmo por el tema, sin embargo, ha impedido ver esta mudanza en perspectiva histórico-filosófica y, de este modo, reflexionar adecuadamente su significado. Mas tal vez haya llegado el momento de comenzar a entender este fenómeno, llamando para ello la atención sobre la renovación que experimenta la metafísica pós-kantiana en el siglo XIX, renovación en la cual Brentano participa de (...) modo decisivo. Mas, si el interés por la metafísica analítica termina remitiendo a Brentano, este, por su vez, remite a un contexto peculiar, hoy totalmente olvidado, referente a las relaciones entre metafísica y psicología en el siglo XIX, el cual estuvo indisociablemente vinculado al programa del “método psicológico.” En tanto la importancia decisiva del “método psicológico” en el ámbito del desarrollo de la lógica y epistemología ha sido intensamente estudiada, poca o ninguna atención ha merecido el papel jugado por el mismo en el desarrollo de la metafísica. La presente contribución se dirige a subsanar esa carencia. (shrink)

En este artículo se ofrece una re-lectura del ensayo de Moore “The refutation of idealism” que, oponiéndose a lo que es la tendencia mayoritaria, llama la atención sobre el hecho de que la crítica al idealismo remite en Moore, en última instancia, a la propuesta de una teoría de la subjetividad cuya base es introspectivo-fenomenológica.: In this paper a new reading of Moore’s essay “The refutation of idealism” is offered, which, in opposition to the main trend, stresses the fact that (...) Moore’s criticism of idealism is related ultimately to the proposal of a theory of subjectivity whose foundations are phenomenological and introspective.Keywords: Moore, idealism, subjectivity, phenomenology. (shrink)